Generic Name: Losartan Potassium
Class: Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
VA Class: CV805
Chemical Name: 2 - Butyl - 4 - chloro - 1 - [[2′ - (1H - tetrazol - 5 - yl)[1,1′ - biphenyl] - 4 - yl] - methyl] - 1H - imidazole - 5 - methanol monopotassium salt
Molecular Formula: C22H23ClN6O•K ½C4H4O4
CAS Number: 124750-99-8
May cause fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality if used during pregnancy.1 2 56 57 (See Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality under Cautions.)
If pregnancy is detected, discontinue the drug as soon as possible.1 2 57
Introduction
Angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonist.1 2 5
Uses for Cozaar
Hypertension
Management of hypertension (alone or in combination with other classes of antihypertensive agents, including diuretics).1 2 5
One of several preferred initial therapies in hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or heart failure.49
Can be used as monotherapy for initial management of uncomplicated hypertension; however, thiazide diuretics are preferred by JNC 7.49
Prevention of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality
Reduction of the risk of stroke in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.1 2 53
Evidence suggests that the benefit associated with such losartan-based antihypertensive therapy does not apply to black patients.1 20 53
Preliminary evidence suggests that aspirin therapy at baseline in patients receiving losartan may reduce the risk of combined cardiovascular death, stroke, and AMI compared with aspirin therapy at baseline in patients receiving atenolol.54
Diabetic Nephropathy
Management of diabetic nephropathy manifested by elevated Scr and proteinuria (urinary albumin to creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension.1 33
A first-line agent in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in such patients.28 29
CHF
A second-line agent in the treatment of CHF†; should be used only in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors.
Cozaar Dosage and Administration
General
Hypertension
Administration
Oral Administration
Administer losartan orally once or twice daily without regard to meals.1 2 Administer losartan as extemporaneously prepared oral suspension in patients unable to swallow tablets.1 Administer losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide once daily without regard to meals.2
Reconstitution
Preparation of extemporaneous suspension containing losartan potassium 2.5 mg/mL: Add 10 mL of purified water to a 240-mL polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle containing ten 50-mg tablets of losartan potassium; shake contents for ≥2 minutes.1 Allow concentrated suspension to stand for 60 minutes following reconstitution, then shake for an additional minute.1 Prepare a mixture containing equal parts (by volume) of syrup (Ora-Sweet) and suspending vehicle (Ora-Plus) separately.1 Dilute the concentrated suspension of losartan potassium with 190 mL of the Ora-Sweet and Ora-Plus mixture; shake the container an additional minute to disperse ingredients.1 Shake suspension before dispensing each dose.1
Dosage
Available as losartan potassium; dosage expressed in terms of the salt.1 2
Pediatric Patients
Hypertension
Oral
Children ≥6 years of age: Initially, 0.7 mg/kg (up to 50 mg) once daily.1 52 Adjust dosage until the desired BP goal is achieved52 (up to maximum dosage of 1.4 mg/kg or 100 mg daily).1 52
Adults
Hypertension
Monotherapy
Oral
Initially, 50 mg once daily in adults without intravascular volume depletion.1 Adjust dosage at approximately monthly intervals (more aggressively in high-risk patients) to achieve BP control.49 In adults with depletion of intravascular volume, the usual initial dosage is 25 mg once daily.1
Usual dosage: 25–100 mg daily, given in 1 dose or 2 divided doses; no additional therapeutic benefit with higher dosages.1
If effectiveness diminishes toward end of dosing interval in patients treated once daily, consider increasing dosage or administering drug in 2 divided doses.1
Combination Therapy
Oral
If BP is not adequately controlled by monotherapy with losartan potassium or hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg daily), if BP is controlled but hypokalemia is problematic at this hydrochlorothiazide dosage, or in those with severe hypertension in whom the potential benefit of achieving prompt BP control outweighs the potential risk of initiating therapy with the commercially available fixed combination, can use the fixed-combination tablets once daily (losartan potassium 50 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg; then losartan potassium 100 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, if BP remains uncontrolled after about 3 weeks of therapy [or after 2–4 weeks of therapy in those with severe hypertension]).2
If BP is not adequately controlled by monotherapy with losartan potassium 100 mg daily, can switch to fixed-combination tablets once daily (losartan potassium 100 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg; then losartan potassium 100 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg [administered as 2 tablets of the fixed combination containing 50 mg of losartan potassium and 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide, or alternatively, as 1 tablet of the fixed combination containing 100 mg of losartan potassium and 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide] if BP remains uncontrolled after about 3 weeks of therapy).2
Prevention of Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality
Oral
Initially, 50 mg once daily.1 Adjust dosage based on BP response.1 2 If indicated, add hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg daily and/or increase dosage of losartan to 100 mg once daily.1 2 Subsequently, may increase hydrochlorothiazide dosage to 25 mg once daily.1 2 Alternatively, administer fixed combination of losartan potassium and hydrochlorothiazide at appropriate dosages.2
Diabetic Nephropathy
Oral
Initially, 50 mg once daily.1 If BP is not adequately controlled, increase dosage to 100 mg once daily.1
Prescribing Limits
Pediatric Patients
Hypertension
Oral
Maximum 1.4 mg/kg or 100 mg daily.1 52
Adults
Hypertension
Combination Therapy
Oral
Maximum 100 mg of losartan potassium and 25 mg of hydrochlorothiazide daily as the fixed combination.2
Special Populations
Hepatic Impairment
Manufacturer recommends initial dosage of 25 mg once daily in adults with a history of hepatic impairment.1
Use of losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment.2
Renal Impairment
No initial dosage adjustments recommended by manufacturer for adults with renal impairment, including those undergoing hemodialysis.1 Use not recommended in pediatric patients with Clcr <30 mL/minute per 1.73 m2.1 52
Use of losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment.2
Geriatric Patients
No initial dosage adjustments necessary.1
Volume- and/or Salt-depleted Patients
Correct volume and/or salt depletion prior to initiation of therapy or initiate therapy under close medical supervision using lower initial dosage (25 mg once daily).1 2
Use of losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with intravascular volume depletion (e.g., patients receiving diuretics).2
Cautions for Cozaar
Contraindications
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Fetal/Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
Possible fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality when used during pregnancy.1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 57 (See Boxed Warning.) Such potential risks occur throughout pregnancy, especially during the second and third trimesters.57
Also may increase the risk of major congenital malformations when administered during the first trimester of pregnancy.56 57
Discontinue as soon as possible when pregnancy is detected, unless continued use is considered lifesaving.56 57 Nearly all women can be transferred successfully to alternative therapy for the remainder of their pregnancy.11 13
Hypotension
Possible symptomatic hypotension, particularly in volume- and/or salt-depleted patients (e.g., those treated with diuretics).1 2 (See Volume- and/or Salt-Depleted Patients under Dosage and Administration.)
Malignancies
In July 2010, FDA initiated a safety review of angiotensin II receptor antagonists after a published meta-analysis found a modest but statistically significant increase in risk of new cancer occurrence in patients receiving an angiotensin II receptor antagonist compared with control.120 121 123 126 However, subsequent studies, including a larger meta-analysis conducted by FDA, have not shown such risk.126 127 128 129 Based on currently available data, FDA has concluded that angiotensin II receptor antagonists do not increase the risk of cancer.126
Sensitivity Reactions
Anaphylactoid reactions and/or angioedema possible;1 2 not recommended in patients with a history of angioedema associated with or unrelated to ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy.58
General Precautions
Renal Effects
Possible oliguria, progressive azotemia and, rarely, acute renal failure and/or death in patients with severe CHF.1 2
Increases in BUN and Scr possible in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis.1 2
Hyperkalemia
Possible hyperkalemia, particularly in patients with renal impairment with or without diabetes mellitus or in those receiving concomitant therapy with a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene), and/or potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium.1
Use of Fixed Combinations
When used in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with hydrochlorothiazide.2
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category C (1st trimester); Category D (2nd and 3rd trimesters).1 2 (See Boxed Warning.)
Lactation
Losartan and its active metabolite are distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 2 Discontinue nursing or the drug.1 2
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy not established in children <6 years of age or in pediatric patients with Clcr <30 mL/minute per 1.73 m2.1 52
Geriatric Use
No substantial differences in safety or efficacy of losartan monotherapy relative to younger adults, but increased sensitivity cannot be ruled out.1
No apparent overall differences in efficacy with fixed combination containing losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients ≥65 years of age compared with younger adults.2 Adverse effects more frequent in geriatric patients compared with younger patients; select dosage with caution.2
Hepatic Impairment
Systemic exposure to losartan and its active metabolite may be increased.1 (See Absorption: Special Populations, under Pharmacokinetics.) Initial dosage adjustment recommended.1 (See Hepatic Impairment under Dosage and Administration.)
Use of losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with hepatic impairment (tablet dosage exceeds recommended initial dosage).2
Renal Impairment
Deterioration of renal function may occur.1 37 (See Renal Effects under Cautions.)
Use of losartan in fixed combination with hydrochlorothiazide is not recommended in patients with Clcr <30 mL/minute.2
Blacks
BP reduction may be smaller in black patients compared with nonblack patients; use in combination with a diuretic.1 2
No evidence that the benefits of therapy in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy apply to black patients.1
Common Adverse Effects
Patients with hypertension: upper respiratory infection,1 2 dizziness,1 2 nasal congestion, back pain, leg pain, muscle cramp, sinusitis.
Patients with diabetic nephropathy: Urinary tract infection, diarrhea, anemia, asthenia/fatigue, hypoglycemia, chest pain, cough, bronchitis, diabetic vascular disease, influenza-like disease, cataracts, cellulitis, hyperkalemia, hypotension, muscular weakness, sinusitis, gastritis, hypoesthesia, infection, knee pain, and leg pain.1
Interactions for Cozaar
Formation of active metabolite appears to be mediated by cytochrome P-450 microsomal isoenzyme 2C9 (CYP2C9).2 CYP3A4 apparently contributes to formation of inactive metabolites.2
Drugs Affecting Hepatic Microsomal Enzymes
CYP2C9 inhibitors: Possible inhibition of the formation of losartan’s active metabolite.1 2
CYP3A4 inhibitors: Clinically important interactions unlikely (possible increased concentration of losartan, but no effects on formation of active metabolite observed).2
Specific Drugs
Drug
|
Interaction
|
Comment
|
|---|
Cimetidine
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2
|
|
Digoxin
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2
|
|
Diuretics, potassium-sparing (e.g., amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene)
|
Possible additive hyperkalemic effects1 2
|
Concomitant use not recommended1 2
|
Erythromycin
|
Clinically important pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely2
|
|
Fluconazole
|
Decreased plasma concentrations of losartan’s active metabolite and increased plasma losartan concentrations1 2
|
|
Hydrochlorothiazide
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2
Additive hypotensive effects; used for therapeutic advantage in hypertension treatment1 2
|
|
Ketoconazole
|
Conversion of losartan to its active metabolite unaffected1 2
|
|
Lithium
|
Lithium excretion may be reduced.1 2
|
Carefully monitor serum lithium concentrations 1 2
|
NSAIAs, including selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
|
Possible deterioration of renal function in geriatric, volume-depleted, or renally impaired patients1 2
Possible decreased hypotensive effect1 2
|
Monitor renal function periodically1
|
Phenobarbital
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2
|
|
Potassium-sparing diuretics (e.g., amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene) potassium supplements and potassium-containing salt substitutes
|
Increased serum potassium concentrations resulting in additive hyperkalemic effect1 2
|
Concomitant use not recommended1 2
|
Rifampin
|
Decreased plasma concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite1 2
|
|
Warfarin
|
Pharmacokinetic interaction unlikely1 2
|
|
Cozaar Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Well absorbed after oral administration but undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism.1 2
Systemic bioavailability of losartan is about 33%.1 2 Bioavailability of the suspension formulation (see Oral Administration under Dosage and Administration) is similar to that of losartan tablets with respect to both the drug and its active metabolite.1
Peak plasma concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite attained 1 and 3–4 hours, respectively, following oral administration.1
Onset
Antihypertensive effect evident within 1 week, with maximum BP reduction after 3–6 weeks.1
Food
Food slows absorption of losartan and decreases its peak plasma concentration but has minimal effect on AUC of losartan or its active metabolite.1 2
Special Populations
In pediatric patients, pharmacokinetics of losartan and its active metabolite generally are similar to historical data in adults.1
In patients with hepatic impairment, oral bioavailability is about 2 times higher than in those with normal hepatic function.1
In patients with mild to moderate alcoholic cirrhosis, plasma concentration of losartan and its active metabolite were about 5 and 2 times those of healthy individuals, respectively.1 2
In patients with mild (Clcr 50–74 mL/minute) or moderate (Clcr 30–49 mL/minute) renal impairment, plasma concentrations and AUC of losartan and its active metabolite are increased by 50–90%.2
Distribution
Extent
Crosses the placenta and is distributed in the fetus in animals.1 2
Crosses the blood-brain barrier poorly, if at all, in animals.1 2
Distributed into milk in rats; not known whether distributed into human milk.1 2
Plasma Protein Binding
Losartan and its active metabolite: >98%.1 2
Elimination
Metabolism
Undergoes biotransformation through CYP2C9 to an active carboxylic acid metabolite that is responsible for most of the drug’s angiotensin II receptor antagonism.2 CYP3A4 apparently contributes to formation of inactive metabolites.2
Elimination Route
Eliminated mainly in urine and feces (via bile).1 2
Half-life
Terminal half-life of losartan and its active metabolite is approximately 2 and 6–9 hours, respectively.1 2
Special Populations
In patients with mild to moderate alcoholic cirrhosis, total plasma clearance of losartan is about 50% lower than in those with normal hepatic function.1
In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment, renal clearance of losartan and its active metabolite is decreased by 55–85%.2 Neither losartan nor its active metabolite is removed by hemodialysis.1 2
Stability
Storage
Oral
Extemporaneous Suspension
2.5-mg/mL preparation of losartan potassium tablets in a mixture of syrup (Ora-Sweet) and suspending vehicle (Ora-Plus) (see Oral Administration under Dosage and Administration): Up to 30 days at 2–8°C.1
Tablets
Tight container at 25°C (may be exposed to 15–30°C).1 2 Protect from light.1 2
Actions
Losartan (prodrug) has little pharmacologic activity until activated in the liver.1 2
Losartan’s active metabolite is 10 to 40 times more potent by weight than losartan and appears to be a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of the AT1 receptor.1 2
Blocks the physiologic actions of angiotensin II, including vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects.1 2
Does not interfere with response to bradykinins.1 2
Advice to Patients
Importance of advising patients not to use potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium without consulting their clinician.1
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs (including salt substitutes containing potassium).1 2
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Losartan Potassium
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Oral
|
Tablets, film-coated
|
25 mg
|
Cozaar
|
Merck
|
|
|
50 mg
|
Cozaar
|
Merck
|
|
|
100 mg
|
Cozaar
|
Merck
|
Losartan Potassium Combinations
Routes
|
Dosage Forms
|
Strengths
|
Brand Names
|
Manufacturer
|
|---|
Oral
|
Tablets, film-coated
|
50 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg
|
Hyzaar
|
Merck
|
|
|
100 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg
|
Hyzaar
|
Merck
|
|
|
100 mg with Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg
|
Hyzaar
|
Merck
|
Comparative Pricing
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 01/2012. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Cozaar 25MG Tablets (MERCK SHARP & DOHME): 30/$64.28 or 90/$188.69
Cozaar 50MG Tablets (MERCK SHARP & DOHME): 30/$88.13 or 90/$234.32
Hyzaar 100-12.5MG Tablets (MERCK SHARP & DOHME): 30/$130.66 or 90/$373.29
Hyzaar 100-25MG Tablets (MERCK SHARP & DOHME): 30/$130.00 or 90/$385.98
Hyzaar 50-12.5MG Tablets (MERCK SHARP & DOHME): 90/$279.99 or 180/$536.00
Losartan Potassium 100MG Tablets (APOTEX): 90/$259.97 or 270/$715.92
Losartan Potassium 25MG Tablets (APOTEX): 90/$125.99 or 270/$350.94
Losartan Potassium 50MG Tablets (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 90/$176.99 or 270/$501.96
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-12.5MG Tablets (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 30/$95.99 or 90/$265.96
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 100-25MG Tablets (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 30/$97.99 or 90/$268.98
Losartan Potassium-HCTZ 50-12.5MG Tablets (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 30/$69.99 or 90/$193.97
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2012, Selected Revisions December 23, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
References
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48. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002; 288:2981-97. [IDIS 490721] [PubMed 12479763]
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